In Vladivostok, in a famous family in the city. Father - Yankovsky Yuri Mikhailovich, entrepreneur; mother - Margarita Mikhailovna, housewife, daughter of a graduate of the school of China. language in Kyakhta, a merchant of the 1st guild, founder of the first shipping company “Shevelev and Co.” in the Primorsky Territory M.G. Sheveleva. Jankowski created in the Far East a stud farm, antler farm, ginseng plantation. He spent his childhood years in his father’s estate 30 km from Vladivostok on the Sidemi Peninsula, which was later named the Yankovsky Peninsula in honor of his grandfather - M.I. Yankovsky, a participant in the Polish uprising (1863), a zoologist, researcher in the Amur basin, a pioneer entrepreneur who created a large advanced farm and stud farm in this deserted, uninhabited place, which supplied horses for the Russian army. M.I. Yankovsky was an excellent hunter. For amazing accuracy of shooting, the Primorye Koreans nicknamed him Nenuni (Four-eyed), and this nickname remained with his children and grandchildren (also hunters) during the years of their life in Korea. In 1922, his father, Yuri Mikhailovich, left Russia forever and settled down with households and 11-year-old Valery in North Korea, rebuilding the Novina and Lukomorye dacha villages.
Valery graduated from the Harbin Men's Gymnasium, then the Forestry College in Pyongyang, then, together with his father and brothers, ran a farm in Novin. Over time, the cottage village of Novina turns into a real cultural center of Russian emigration. Jankowski built a theater, a church, a library, a canteen here. At this time, the friendship of Yankovsky with many subsequently famous figures of the eastern branch of the Russian emigration -, and others.
From 1928 to 1944 professionally engaged in hunting and antler reindeer husbandry.
In August 1945, shortly after the outbreak of war between the USSR and Japan, he volunteered for the Soviet Army and served as a translator from Japanese and Korean. In January 1946, Mr .. arrested and sentenced "for providing assistance to the international. bourgeoisie ”(in the pre-war years), first to 6, and then to 10 years of labor camps (forced labor camps). He escaped, for which the prison term was extended to 25 years. In 1952, he was freed ("by offsets"), worked as a mining foreman at the Yuzhny mine (Chukotka), then as a forester in Magadan. After his release in 1952, he worked as a mining foreman at the Yuzhny mine (Chukotka), then in the Magadan Forestry. Rehabilitated in 1957. Since 1968 he lived in Vladimir.
In the 1950s he published his first stories and since then he regularly published in the magazines “Hunting and Hunting” (1968–2004, annually), “In the Far North” (Magadan, 1970), “Around the World” (1971, 1973 ), “Ural Pathfinder” (Sverdlovsk, 1971), “Far East” (Khabarovsk, since 1984), “Anthill” (Moscow), “Atlantis” (Vladivostok), the anthology “Rubezh” (Vladivostok, 1992-2003) and “ Local time ”(Vladimir, 2001, 2004) and others. Author 13 collection. autobiographical stories and stories about the life of the family of Russian emigrants Yankovsky in Korea in 1922–1945. and their tragic fate: “In Search of Ginseng”, “Nenuni-four-eyed”, “Peninsula”, “Long Return”, “Tiger, deer, ginseng”, “Hunting”, “Korea. Yankovsky "," Novina ",
In 2009, the Rossiya TV channel showed a documentary film from Nikita Mikhalkov’s series “Russians Without Russia” “Yankovsky” about the family of Valery Yuryevich and about him personally.
As a co-chair and then honorary chairman of the Vladimir regional branch of the Russian society Memorial, he worked for several years to perpetuate the memory of victims of political repression.
Member of the Russian Geographical Society.
He was awarded the Order of the Great Patriotic War of the II degree, the medal "For the victory over Japan."
Bibliography:
- Yankovsky V.Yu. Korea. Yankovsky: Creative saga / V.Yu. Yankovsky.- Vladimir: Markart, 2003.- 351s.
- Yankovsky V. Sahajan - Eldorado Valley; Horse racing: short stories / V. Yankovsky.- 2001.- Local time.- Book 3
- Yankovsky V.Yu. The Long Return: An Autobiographical Story / V.Yu. Yankovsky.- Yaroslavl: Upper Volga Prince. Publishing House, 1991.- 160p.
- Yankovsky V.Yu. Nenuni-four-eyed: a story / V.Yu. Yankovsky.- Yaroslavl: Upper Volga Prince. Publishing House, 1979.- 239p.
- Yankovsky V.Yu. Descendants of Nenuni: a tale and short stories / V.Yu. Yankovsky .- M.: Sovremennik, 1986.- 320s .- (Novelties of Sovremennik)
- Yankovsky V. Kys: story / Valery Yankovsky.- 2006.- Hunting .- No. 6
- Yankovsky Valery Yuryevich. From the tomb of the Lord to the tomb of the Gulag: Byl / Valery Yuryevich Yankovsky.- Kovrov: Mashteks, 2000.- 255c .: ph.
- Yankovsky Valery Yuryevich. Hunt: The Tale and Were / Valery Yuryevich Yankovsky .- Vladimir: Golden Gate: Transit-X, 2001.- 254c.
- Yankovsky V. Yu. Tiger, deer, ginseng: [Stories and Tale] / Valery Yuryevich Yankovsky.- M .: Tropa, 1993.- 269c .: ill .- (Series "Animals and People") .-
- Yankovsky Valery Yuryevich. Novina Stories and were / Valery Yuryevich Yankovsky.- Vladimir: Golden Gate, 1995.- 82c.- (Vladimir writers)
- Yankovsky V. Yu. In search of ginseng: Stories / Valery Yuryevich Yankovsky.- Yaroslavl: Verkh.-Volzh.kn.izd-vo, 1972.- 176c.
- Yankovsky V. Yu. From the Holy Sepulcher to the tomb of the Gulag / Valery Yuryevich Yankovsky.- Vladimir: VOUNB, 1999.- 178c.- (From the collection of rare books and manuscripts; Issue 3) .- Bibliography in note. — Indices: C .163-177.
- Yankovsky V. Yu. From the tomb of the Lord to the tomb of the GULAG: Byl / Valery Yuryevich Yankovsky.- Kovrov: Mashteks, 2000.- 255c .: ph.
- Yankovsky V. Sahajan-Valley of Eldorado: Short Story / Valery Yankovsky.- 2003.- Tomix .- April 11-17.
Yankovsky Valery Yuryevich was born on May 28, 1911 in Vladivostok in the family of Yuri Mikhailovich and Margarita Ivanovna Yankovsky. In October 1922, he fled with his parents to Korea. He recalls this period in his life in the book “From the sepulcher of the Lord to the sepulcher of the Gulag”: “When we fled to Korea, I was eleven years old, I remember Vladivostok well. And the very first visit with my father to Harbin seemed to me that I was back in Russia. Russian signs at shops, cafes, restaurants ... Friendly Russian people, smart crowd. ”
Valery graduated from the Harbin Men's Gymnasium, then the Forestry College in Pyongyang. Together with his father and brothers he ran a farm in Novin (50 km. South of Cheongjin (Korea).
Having matured, Valery decided to create his own farm in Manchuria, taking on a long-term lease a large plot of land with arable land and forest. From 1928 to 1944 professionally engaged in hunting and antler reindeer husbandry.
In the winter of 1943 - 1944, he successfully hunted, earned good money. Soon he married a beautiful girl Irma. For a short time at the Tiger Farm, as they called their place, they built a five-room house. A farm began to develop immediately: “Irma developed several broods of chickens. They were preparing to transfer deer from Novina. In a word, they seemed to build bright plans for the future ... "
In the summer of 1945, it became known that Irma was expecting a baby. And in August, a war broke out between the USSR and Japan. When it became known that the Red Army occupied the city of Yanzi, Valery and his brother Yuri went to meet her. They were recruited as translators of Japanese and Korean. With battles, they reached Pyongyang, where they served until January 1946.
On January 24, Valery Yankovsky received leave, but was arrested and sentenced to six years "for helping the international bourgeoisie" on his way home to Kanko. Three months later, a second trial was held “on his appeal”. Three months later, a second trial was held (on his appeal), which determined him for ten years. And they sent him in a calf wagon, behind bars, to Vladivostok. He fled from the camp in Tavrichanka, received after the initial ten - 25 years. From Nakhodka, 1.5 months sailed on a ship of the Liberty type, the Japanese, Okhotsk and Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean. In August, the ship moored at the pier of the polar port of Pevek. He worked at the Krasnoarmeysky mine in inhuman conditions. The petition for review of the sentence, written in Ussuriysk, was found by Valery Yuryevich in Chukotka. By a decision of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court they dropped 15 years. Soon, “offsets” were introduced in the camp: for overfulfilling the production norm. And Valery managed to free himself ahead of schedule. In August 1952, he received the first document on the territory of the USSR - a "certificate of release", which literally says: "Does not serve as a residence permit, is not valid for registration."
They didn’t allow them to leave for the “mainland”; they sent them on a “free hire” to the Yuzhny mine. There, Valery graduated from the courses of mining masters and rose to the rank of chief of industrial equipment for washing the sand of tin ore. Leaving for limited freedom in the Far North, he gradually, through the management of the Gulag, found in custody his father, brother, and cousin. Engaged in correspondence with them. In 1995, he flew to Magadan and soon married Irina Kazimirovna Piotrovskaya, who had just freed from fourteen years of imprisonment, who served two sentences - for Yesenin’s poems read by a sixteen-year-old girl on the birthday of a classmate. Soon, Irina Kazimirovna, and then, in 1957, Valery Yuryevich were rehabilitated "for the lack of corpus delicti." February 4, 1959 their son Arseny was born. Until 1966, Valery Yankovsky worked as a forester in the Magadan Forestry. A little later, the Magadans became acquainted with the work of the forester Yankovsky, who regularly began to print in local newspapers, speak on the radio, and then on television. His stories and essays began to be published in union editions.
In 1966, the Jankowski and his son Arseny moved to Vladivostok, with the intention of staying here forever. But a damp climate was contraindicated for a son suffering from chronic pneumonia. Having lived for about two years on the avenue 100 years to Vladivostok, in 1968 the family moved to the quiet city of Vladimir, where Valery Yurievich lived until the last day.
All these years after his release, Valery Yuryevich corresponded with his sisters Musa and Victoria, the first-born Sergei and his wife Irma, who, five years after the arrest and complete unknown, decided to remarry and emigrated to Canada. On December 20, 1986, a meeting of father and son took place. “After fifteen years of appeals and refusals to see relatives in America, in 1986, under Gorbachev, I finally received a passport and visa ... And then - a meeting at Vancouver airport with Irma and a bearded uncle with a gray hair on his chin, his son Sergei, who forty years later, he said "dad."
After retiring, Valery Yuryevich seriously engaged in literary work. A person with such a biography endowed with the grace of God with the gift of words, could not help but become a writer. Valery Yankovsky does not need to invent plots of his stories and stories - they are prompted by what has been lived and experienced. His writing credo is simple and noble: to write only the truth. In 1972, in Yaroslavl, the first book by Valery Yankovsky "In Search of Ginseng" was published. Seven years later, a story about grandfather Mikhail Ivanovich Yankovsky was published there, after which Moscow-based Sovremennik published a collection of Descendants of Nenuni. In the books, three generations of Yankovsky, charming, talented, courageous hunter-hunters appear to the reader.
In total, more than 15 books have been published - about life in Korea, about hunting, camp life. But undoubtedly, his main work is the story about the history of the Yankovsky family “From the Sepulcher to the Tomb of the Gulag”, published in 2000.
Valery Yuryevich Yankovsky - member of the Union of Writers of Russia. In 1988, he created the Vladimir Memorial. Due to his considerable age, he resigned as chairman, but remained an honorary member of the repressed society.
In 2009, the Rossiya TV channel showed a documentary film from Nikita Mikhalkov’s series “Russians Without Russia” “Yankovsky” about the family of Valery Yuryevich and about him personally.
Member of the Russian Geographical Society.
He was awarded the Order of the Great Patriotic War of the II degree, the medal "For the victory over Japan."
September 15, 1991 in the village Bezverkhovo, Primorsky Territory, a monument was unveiled to Mikhail Ivanovich Yankovsky - businessman, scientist, philanthropist, tigrolov (grandfather V.Yu. Yankovsky). A lot of people gathered at the opening: Valery Yuryevich with his son Arseny and another journalist N. Lalakin from Vladivostok. A large group from Vladivostok: Grandson of Captain Gek Giorgi Vasyukevich, workers of the Museum named after Arsenyev, the management of the publishing house that recently released the Harbin book by Yuri Mikhailovich Yankovsky, “Half a Century of Tiger Hunting.” The main organizer of this event B.A. Dyachenko with the family, the main sculptor is the sculptor O.S. Kulesh, representatives of radio and television, the public. Patrons: heads of a deer farm, ship repair plant; famous hunter ginseng Kovalchuk. Even guests arrived from the other end of the world - Viktoria Yuryevna Yankovskaya with her son Oro Petrovich and two granddaughters - American Alora and Kira.
No less glorious monument was erected by his grandson - the writer, who fulfilled his family duty, perpetuating the names of the famous grandfather and father in Russian literature.
Separate editions:
Publications in Continuing Publications
Literature on life and work:
Born in Vladivostok. Father - Yankovsky Yuri Mikhailovich, entrepreneur; mother - Margarita Mikhailovna, housewife, daughter of a graduate of the school of China. language in Kyakhta, a merchant of the 1st guild, founder of the first shipping company “Shevelev and Co.” in the Primorsky Territory M.G. Sheveleva. He spent his childhood years in his father’s estate 30 km from Vladivostok on the Sidemi Peninsula, which was later named the Yankovsky Peninsula in honor of his grandfather - M.I. Yankovsky, a participant in the Polish uprising (1863), a zoologist, researcher in the Amur basin, a pioneer entrepreneur who created a large advanced farm and stud farm in this deserted, uninhabited place, which supplied horses for the Russian army. M.I. Yankovsky was an excellent hunter. For amazing accuracy of shooting, the Primorye Koreans nicknamed him Nenuni (Four-eyed), and this nickname remained with his children and grandchildren (also hunters) during the years of their life in Korea.
In 1922 he emigrated with his family to Korea, where everything had to start from scratch. Learned the box. language, communicating with locals. In absentia he graduated from high school. He worked at a family-owned enterprise - the Novina resorts (there was also a deer farm) and Lukomorye in the vicinity of Cheongjin. In 1944 he moved to Manchuria, where he created his farm "Tiger Farm". In August 1945, with the outbreak of war between the USSR and Japan, he joined the Sov. Army, served as a translator. In January 1946, Mr .. arrested and sentenced "for providing assistance to the international. bourgeoisie ”(in the pre-war years), first to 6, and then to 10 years of labor camps (forced labor camps). He escaped, for which the prison term was extended to 25 years. In 1952, he was freed ("by offsets"), worked as a mining foreman at the Yuzhny mine (Chukotka), then as a forester in Magadan. In 1957, rehabilitated. In 1968-2010 lived in Vladimir. He was co-chair of the Memorial Society.
Member of the Union of Writers of the USSR / Union grew. writers (since 1988). In the 1950s he published his first stories and since then has been regularly published in the magazines Hunting and Hunting (1968–2004, annually), In the Far North (Magadan, 1970), and Around the World (1971, 1973 ), “Ural Pathfinder” (Sverdlovsk, 1971), “Far East” (Khabarovsk, since 1984), “Anthill” (Moscow), “Atlantis” (Vladivostok), the anthology “Rubezh” (Vladivostok, 1992-2003) and “ Local time ”(Vladimir, 2001, 2004) and others. Author 13 collection. autobiographical stories and stories about the life of the family of Russian emigrants Yankovsky in Korea in 1922–1945. and their tragic fate (“Korea is my second homeland for me: all the most expensive and beautiful in my life is firmly connected with this country. First of all, with its northern part” - From a letter to V.Yu. Yankovsky to the drafter of April 12, 2005 - T.S.).
He was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 2nd degree, the medal "For the victory over Japan"; Certificate of Merit of Vladimir Region Administration "For a great contribution to the development of domestic literature" (1996).
The main works:
Finding Ginseng: Stories. / Foreword S. Nikitina. - Yaroslavl: Verkhne-Volzhsky publishing house, 1971. - 175 p.
Nanuni Four-Eyed: A Tale. - Yaroslavl: Verkhne-Volzhsky publishing house, 1979. - 237 p.
Descendants of Nenuni: A Tale and Stories. - M .: Sovremennik, 1986.- 319 p.
Peninsula: A Tale. - Vladivostok: Vladivostok Prince Publishing House, 1989.
My father Yuri Yankovsky: [Memories] // Hunting and hunting. (M.). 1990, No. 4. P. 34–38.
On the shores of the Great or the Pacific: Travel notes // Slovo (M.). 1990, No. 2.
Long comeback. Autobiographical story. - Yaroslavl: Verkhne-Volzhsky publishing house, 1991. - 160 p.
Tiger, deer, ginseng: (Stories). - M .: Trail, 1993 .-- 268 p.
In the mountains of Korea // Hunting and hunting economy (M.). 1993, No. 8. P. 30–32.
Novina. Stories and were / Preface. P. Paramonova. - Vladimir: Golden Gate, 1995 .-- 84 p. (Vladimir writers).
From the Holy Sepulcher to the Tomb of the Gulag: Memories. - Carpets: Mashteks, 2000. - 254 p., Ill .; Same: From the Crusades to GULAG and Beyond / Transl. by M. Hintze. - Sydney: private print, 2000; 2nd ed. - 2001. The same: Elliott Snow, 2007 (2nd edition).
Hunt: the story and were - Vladimir: Publishing houses "Golden Gate" and "Transit-X" with the Foundation "Soloukhinsky literary society" Word "", 2001. - 256 p., ill.
The Mighty Hunter at Novina // Clark D.N. Living Dangerously in Korea. The Western Experience. 1900-1950. - Norwalk (Connecticut, USA): EastBridge, 2003. Pp. 151-155.
[Yankovsky V.Yu.] - see about him in the book: Jankowski Margarita, Muse, Victoria. The rustles of the past. Diaries, letters and early literary work of members of the Yankovsky family. 1907-1954. - Vladivostok: Boundary, 2017.
[Yankovsky V.Yu.] - see about him in the book: Yankovsky: from Sidemi to California. Photo album. - Vladivostok: Boundary, 2018.
In the preface to this book, I can finally say everything without any reservations. In the past, this was hindered by a very biased attitude towards emigration, brought up in our society over the years. The stories offered, mainly about hunting, are descriptions of genuine events; our family is hereditary Far Eastern hypericum. Grandfather, Mikhail Ivanovich Yankovsky, for the excellent shooting, nicknamed Four-eyed, one of the pioneers of the Ussuri Territory, passed on his experience and passion for nature and hunting to his sons, in particular, to my father, Yuri Mikhailovich, and he to us, his children.
We have been taught shooting and horseback riding from four to five years old. At six, among Christmas surprises, I received an old 14-gauge ramrod gun with which my father began hunting. At eight, he began to walk on waders and ducks. At twelve he got the first goat, and at thirteen he shot the first boar from a three-barrel bequeathed by his grandfather.
A unique farm on the Yankovsky Peninsula near Vladivostok, created by his grandfather and perfected by his father (stud farm, antler sika deer, wild ginseng plantation and much more), lasted forty-two years. In 1922 it was confiscated and nationalized by the Bolsheviks. The family fled from them to Korea, where in the valley among the forested rocky mountains, a farm and an exotic summer cottage village Novina were built by two generations of forces. In the seasons free from current affairs, the father and all three sons devoted much time to hunting for migratory game, pheasants, foxes, goats, wild boars, and predators. Over the years, they began to run into the rich beast of Manchuria. In spring and summer, antler deer were the main trophy. In Novin, a large collection of horns of roe deer, goral, deer, Manchurian deer, fangs of wild boars, and skulls of predatory animals gradually crept up.
In previous books, I talked about the affairs of my grandfather and father, about my "torment" in the Arctic Circle. In this, I offer the reader stories and a small story “Pyaktusan” - about an ancient, legendary extinct volcano that stands on the border of Korea and Manchuria. The names of participants in the events described, geographical names and facts are genuine. Our family did not recognize entertaining tales. Moreover, the father said: there are so many unusual events in the life of an experienced taiga that to lie is only to spoil. And I strictly adhere to the family tradition.
The Yankovsky households in Primorye, I repeat, lasted forty-two years. The new owners retained only deer. From the stud farm there was a small herd of feral horses, year-round getting their own pasture. Ginseng is still occasionally found in the Proseka Mountain area, which once housed a large plantation. The castle house has long been gone. Only the groves of the funeral pine remind of those who once lovingly decorated this beautiful peninsula ... True, on September 15, 1991, on the slope of the hill above the bay, a public bronze monument was erected by the public and philanthropists to Mikhail Ivanovich Yankovsky. In science, butterflies, birds, plants and the archaeological culture of his name remained.
And in Korea? Novina lasted twenty years. And it was also confiscated and nationalized by the Communists. After all, it’s so simple: to select created by many years of painstaking work! There remained the graves of our mother and grandmother. Whether I survived, I don’t know. And let this book become a monument to deeds twice during a century of a ruined and ruined family. Rather, an entire dynasty.
My father Yuri Yankovsky
My father, Yuri Mikhailovich, was born into the family of a Polish nobleman who had served the tsar of imprisonment for participating in the Polish uprising of 1863, Pan Mikhail Yankovsky, and the native Siberian, Irkutian Olga Lukinichna, nee Kuznetsova. Grandfather, after working for five years after hard labor, was managing a gold mine, he rented and later acquired a virgin mountainous peninsula on the shore of the Amur Bay near Vladivostok, which now bears his name.
The house was run from scratch there. The start of the “stud farm” in 1879 was the nondescript Russian stallion Ataman and a dozen tiny Korean, Manchurian and Mongolian mares, four of which with all the litter in the very first winter were bullied by a tiger. Antler reindeer husbandry began with three sika deer wandering into the peninsula from the taiga. The first ginseng plantation in Russia arose from a handful of roots and seeds delivered by aborigines - basins. They suggested that this peninsula bears the ancient Udege name - Sidemi.
Over the years, four sons and two daughters appeared in the Yankovsky family. And all worked together. Prikazchikov, as his grandfather noted in his notes, was not kept on the farm; they handled everything in their own affairs. Mostly Korean immigrants worked only as shepherds of the growing herd.
The owners of Sidemi from the first steps seemed to face insurmountable obstacles. In those years, in addition to the four-legged predators - tigers, leopards, wolves and bears, immigrants, professional Manchu robbers of the Hunhuza were robbing: an unguarded border ran only fifty kilometers. During their brutal attack in June 1879, the wife of a neighbor, captain Huck, his workers and six-year-old son died. Yankovsky was left with a crippled hand. However, this did not stop the stubborn pioneers: Huck married again, continued fishing for whales on his schooner. Yankovsky did not leave the idea to breed and improve his beloved horses. With just one assistant, he went along the luge yamshchitsky tract for five and a half thousand versts and drove under his own power from Western Siberia, risking his life more than once, a herd of excellent producers of Tomsk breed, spending ten months on this trip! And his son Yuri went to America in his twenties, where he learned the wisdom of advanced horse breeding in the Texas prairies with a simple cowboy, and in the third year he brought purebred English horses on a steamer from San Francisco.
By the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, the Sidemi estate became a kind of model for the Ussuri region. Hundreds of beautiful horses replenished cavalry and artillery units, pulled the plow of a Russian immigrant farmer, brilliantly ran and ran, decorating the shelves of the living room of the old house with silver goblets.
The herd of deer over the years has exceeded two thousand goals. Ginseng plantation totaled tens of thousands of roots.
The eldest son of M.I. Yankovsky from his first marriage - Alexander - separated early. A dreamer and a fidget built gateways on the Panama Canal, then mined gold in Klondike, then traveled through Kamchatka. The main owner on Sidemi was Yuri. The next oldest, Jan, organized reindeer husbandry at Cape Gamow, not far from Posyet. The younger, Pavel, went to the German, fought on the Western Front, and then - as part of the Russian Expeditionary Force in allied France. Having handed over the cases to Yuri and his wife, Mikhail Ivanovich left for treatment first in Semipalatinsk, and from there to the Caucasus. He died of pneumonia in Sochi in 1912.
Yuri Mikhailovich married the eldest daughter of the Vladivostok steamship owner, Sinologist M. G. Shevelev - Margarita. He added to the old grandfather's fortress house a magnificent white castle with a tower, where a blue flag fluttered on the flagpole with the black and gold coat of arms of Novina, which belonged to an old Polish family.
To combat the four-legged and two-legged predators, jaeger gatekeepers connected by telephones to the central estate were installed on all mountain peaks. (By the way, the Amursky reindeer farm now existing on the peninsula does not have telephones.) I well remember the organization of work. Then did not spend any stretched out on the hours of the morning "five-minute". All orders for tomorrow were given in the evening, and each employee knew what to do, for which he was responsible. My father had already been in the saddle since dawn, circling all the work, often outside the peninsula. And two armed attendants daily traveled around the peninsula.
